SESSION 3:
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
Computer System:-
A computer system includes software and hardware together to make it perform the required tasks.
“A computer system is a programmable machine designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations to produce meaningful results in desired format”
“Software is a collection of instructions and related data that tells a computer what to do and how to do.”
A computer system is broadly divided into three units –
1. Input Unit:-
Input unit helps the user to enter raw data and instructions into the computer system
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Process Unit :-
Central processing unit performs the required operations as per given instructions.
3. Output Unit:-
Output unit produces meaningful results in the desired format for the user.
The CPU was first developed at Intel with the help of Ted Hoff and others in the early 1970's. The first processor released by Intel was the 4004processor.
The CPU is further divided into three parts
(i) Control unit (CU)
(ii) Arithmetic & logic unit (ALU)
(iii) Memory unit (MU)
(i) Control Unit :-
Control unit acts as a manager of a company. It receives each and every instruction from user and coordinates between different parts to perform various operations.
(ii)Arithmetic & Logic Unit:-
The ALU is performing arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This unit performs logical operations like greater than, less than, equal to etc.
(iii) Memory Unit:-
Memory unit are a temporary storage, where small amount of data is stored while other operations are being performed or processed by CPU.
There are three memory in this unit:-
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)/ Main Memory/ Primary Memory.
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
3. Cache Memory.
RAM:-
Random-access memory (RAM) is store data and machine code currently being used by processor. It’s also known as volatile memory, Read/Write (R/W) Memory, Working Memory, Main Memory, and Primary Memory.
ROM:-
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap.
Cache Memory:-
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU.
Secondary Storage Device:-
A secondary storage device refers to any non-volatile storage device that enables store large amount of data permanently on computer. A secondary storage device is also known as an auxiliary storage device or external storage.
These Secondary Storage devices are mostly used for store data:-
Hard Disc is one of the most important secondary storage devices, which is used to store operating system, office applications, utility software and the user’s data, etc.
Ø Hard disk (Storage Capacity 20 GB to 2 TB)
Ø Compact Disk (CD with a storage capacity of 750 MB)
Ø Digital Versatile Disk (DVD with a capacity of around 4.5 GB)
Ø Blue-ray Disk (with a storage capacity of around 25 GB/50GB)
Ø Pen Drives (with a storage capacity of 512 MB to 32 GB)
Ø Memory Stick (with a storage capacity of 512 MB to 32 GB).
Memory Measurement Units:-
The smallest unit of memory is bit (binary digit) 0/1.
Group of 4 bits are called Nibble.
Group of 8 bits are called Byte/Octet.
1 Bit
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Binary Digit (0/1)
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8 Bits
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1 Byte
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1024 Bytes
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1 KB (Kilo Byte)
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1024 KB
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1 MB (Mega Byte)
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1024 MB
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1 GB(Giga Byte)
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1024 GB
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1 TB(Terra Byte)
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1024 TB
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1 PB(Peta Byte)
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1024 PB
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1 EB(Exa Byte)
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1024 EB
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1 ZB(Zetta Byte)
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1024 ZB
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1 YB (Yotta Byte)
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1024 YB
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1 (Bronto Byte)
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1024 Brontobyte
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1 (Geop Byte)
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Geop Byte is The Highest Memory Measurement Unit!!!
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Common Sockets and Ports in Computer System:-
Port/ Socket Name
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Use
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power socket
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for connecting power cable
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Personal System 2 (PS2)
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ports for connecting Mouse and Keyboard
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Universal Serial Bus (USB)
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Port for connecting USB devices such as mouse, keyboard, printer, pen drive, etc.
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Video Graphic Adapter (VGA)
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Port for connecting Monitor/Screen.
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Firewire Port
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used to connect digital camcorders, external hard drives
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Ethernet Port (RJ45) /NIC (Network Interface Card)
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Use for connect Network Cable for Networking and Internet Connection.
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Audio Jacks
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Use for Audio Input/Output Device Connecting
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Serial Port
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A serial port is a general-purpose interface that can be used for almost any type of device, including modems, mice, and printers
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Parallel Port
25-pin connector
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Used to connect printers, computers and other devices that need relatively high bandwidth.
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How to connect peripheral devices to CPU and Start computer:-
===> Connect Monitor with VGA cable, mouse & keyboard with PS2/USB cable and power on the CPU after connecting power cable. Your computer should display some message from the manufacturer and then it should start the Operating System (boot up with the operating system).
Booting (Boot Process):-
Booting is a process or set of operations that loads and hence starts the operating system, starting from the point when user switches on the power button.
There are two types of booting:-
(1) Cold booting: when the computer is started after having been switched off.
(2) Warm booting: when the operating system alone is restarted (without being switched off) after a system crash or 'freeze.'
Computer Slots/Ports :
Power Socket
PS2(Personal System 2)
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
Fire-wire
Ethernet Port
Audio Jacks
Serial Port
Parallel Port (25 Connectors)
SESSION 4:
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
The most common computer is the Personal Computer (PC), typically used by individuals and small businesses.
Depending on the size and the purpose of a personal computer, it can be categorized into four different types: desktop, laptop, handheld, or tablet.
Desktop Computer:-
Desktop computers are made up of individual components such as a monitor, a keyboard, a system unit, and a printer. Desktop computers are not portable and are generally placed on the surface of a desk or a table.
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Laptop Computer:-
Laptop computers are lightweight personal computers. Laptop computers are also called notebooks. The main feature of laptop computers is that they are small and portable.
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Handheld computers are devices used for specific everyday tasks, such as managing personal data Several handheld computer models can also work as cellular phones or digital cameras.
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Tablet Computer:-
Tablet computers are fully functional computers that allow you to write directly on the screen by using a tablet pen.
The following table lists some of the important factors that affect the overall performance of the computer.
Factor
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Description
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CPU speed
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The CPU speed is an important factor that affects the overall performance of the computer. The CPU speed is the rate at which the CPU can perform a task.
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Hard disk factors
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Hard disks differ in storage capacities as well as their speed of data storage and retrieval.
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RAM
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The speed of retrieving data stored on RAM is very fast and for this reason the computer uses it to store the information that is currently in use.
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Productivity Programs:-
You can use different computer programs to perform a variety of tasks.
Program
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Description
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Word-processing
and publishing
programs
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Microsoft Office (MS) Word is a commonly used word-processing program. Publishing programs are used to combine text and graphics to create documents such as brochures, greeting cards, annual reports, books, or magazines.
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Presentation programs
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We use presentation programs to present your information in the form of slides. Microsoft Office (MS) PowerPoint is a commonly used presentation program.
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Spreadsheet programs
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We use spreadsheet programs to create budgets, manage accounts, perform mathematical calculations, and convert numerical data into charts and graphs. Example:- Microsoft Office (MS) Excel
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Database programs
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We use database programs to store and manage data in an organized way. By using these programs, we can also sort or search for the information stored in a database. Example: Microsoft Office (MS) Access.
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Graphics programs
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We use graphics programs to create and edit drawings
Ex.: Paint program
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Communication Programs:-
1. Define Email with example of service provider?
2. Define Chat with example of chat application name?
This is very interesting lesson
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